(5) Soldier's referred to this ambulance as the "avalanche" because of the jarring ride created by the instability of only having two wheels. It was a light weight, 2-wheeled wagon pulled by two horses. The Coolidge Ambulance was named after Surgeon Richard H. These were the Coolidge Ambulance and the Tripler Ambulance. Army procured two basic types of animal-drawn wagons (ambulance wagons) as seen in Figure 2. (4)įollowing ambulances rise to popularity in battle, the U.S. The ambulance proved to be a fundamental element in sustaining life and preserving combat power Thus securing its purpose and place in the U.S. This was a complete turn-around from the Battle of Bull Run. (3) One year later, at the battle of Gettysburg (1-4 July 1863), approximately 1,000 ambulance wagons evacuated 14,163 Union casualties and 6,802 Confederate casualties resulting in no casualties remaining on the battlefield.
The Plan called for the coordination of patient evacuation, logistical support, and field hospitals and maybe most significant was the realigning of ambulance control from the Quartermaster Corps to the Medical Department Director. The most popular ideas were those created by MAJ Jonathon Letterman (Figure 1) and later became widely known as the Letterman Plan. (3) The Union Army suffered enormous casualties (681) and wounded (1,011), highlighting the requirement for ambulances, as well as generating multiple ideas for ambulance operations. (1,2) However, it was in the year of 1861 at the first Battle of Bull Run that it became painstakingly evident to the Army's Medical Department leaders that patient evacuation would become essential to their readiness. The Moses was predominately used to support the sick and wounded patients from the droves of travelers moving westward into the new frontier. was in 1859 and was named after the Army Assistant Surgeon, Isreal Moses. The first true ambulance wagon utilized in the U.S. (1) Yet, characteristics of early 19th century ambulances might show evidence that the term ambulance wagon was befitting. According to Haller, Americans misuse of the word ambulance corrupted the meaning to today's definition. During the Civil War, Americans combined these definitions creating the commonly used term, ambulance wagon, to describe the two-wheeled and four-wheeled wagons that transported patients to field hospitals. The modern day meaning of ambulance is a vehicle equipped for transporting the injured or sick. According to Merriam-Webster's dictionary, the word "ambulance" originated in 1809 in the French language meaning ambulant field hospital.
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